Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, eli bali liviwe kuyo yonke indawo ukusuka eMassachusetts ukuya kwiFox News.Ummelwane wam uyala nokubiza iToyota RAV4 Prime Hybrid yakhe ngenxa yento ayibiza ngokuba ngamaxabiso ombane aqhwalelayo.Ingxabano ephambili kukuba amaxabiso ombane aphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba acima inzuzo yokutshaja phezu kokutshaja.Oku kufikelela entliziyweni yokuba kutheni abantu abaninzi bathenga izithuthi zombane: Ngokutsho kwePew Research Centre, i-70 ipesenti yabathengi be-EV abanokuthi "ukugcina igesi" yenye yezizathu zabo eziphezulu.
Impendulo ayikho lula njengoko ibonakala.Ukubala nje ixabiso lepetroli kunye nombane kuyalahlekisa.Amaxabiso ayohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwitshaja (kunye nelizwe).Iintlawulo zomntu wonke zahlukile.Irhafu yendlela, izaphulelo kunye nokusebenza kwebhetri konke kuchaphazela ukubala kokugqibela.Ngoko ndabuza abaphandi kwi-nonpartisan Energy Innovation, i-tank yomgaqo-nkqubo osebenza ukukhupha i-decarbonize imboni yamandla, ukundinceda ukuba ndibone ixabiso lokwenene lokupompa kuwo onke amazwe angama-50, usebenzisa i-datasets evela kwi-arhente ye-federal, i-AAA kunye nabanye.Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezixhobo zabo eziluncedo apha.Ndisebenzise le datha ukuthatha iihambo ezimbini ezicingelwayo kulo lonke elase-United States ukugweba ukuba izikhululo zerhasi zingabiza kakhulu na ngehlobo lika-2023.
Ukuba u-4 kwi-10 yaseMelika, ucinga ukuthenga isithuthi sombane.Ukuba unjengam, kuya kufuneka uhlawule ixabiso elinzima.
Umyinge wemoto yombane ithengisa i-4,600 yeedola ngaphezu kwemoto yegesi eqhelekileyo, kodwa ngobuninzi beeakhawunti, ndiya kugcina imali ekuhambeni kwexesha.Ezi nqwelo-mafutha zifuna iindleko eziphantsi zepetroli kunye nokugcinwa kwazo—kuqikelelwa ukongiwa kwamakhulu eedola ngonyaka.Kwaye oku akuthatheli ngqalelo inkuthazo karhulumente kunye nokwaliwa kohambo oluya kwisikhululo segesi.Kodwa kunzima ukugqiba inani elichanekileyo.Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo legaloni yepetroli kulula ukubala.Amaxabiso ahlengahlengiswa ngokwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso atshintshile kancinci ukususela ngo-2010, ngokwe-Federal Reserve.Kukwasebenza kwafanayo kwiikilowatt-yure (kWh) zombane.Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokubiza azibonakali kakhulu.
Amatyala ombane awahlukanga kuphela ngokwelizwe, kodwa nangexesha lemini nangendlela yokuphuma.Abanini bezithuthi zombane bangazihlawulisa ekhaya okanye emsebenzini, baze bahlawule imali eyongezelelekileyo xa bebiza ngokukhawuleza endleleni.Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuthelekisa iindleko zokuzalisa kwakhona i-Ford F-150 enegesi (imoto ethengiswa kakhulu e-United States ukususela ngo-1980) kunye nebhetri ye-98-kilowatt yeyure kwisithuthi sombane.Oku kufuna uqikelelo olusemgangathweni malunga nendawo, indlela yokuziphatha yokutshaja, kunye nendlela amandla ebhetri nakwitanki aguqulwa ngayo abe luluhlu.Ezo zibalo ke ngoko kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi ezinjengeemoto, iiSUVs kunye neelori.
Akumangalisi ukuba phantse akukho mntu wenza oku.Kodwa siyaligcina ixesha lakho.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ungagcina malini kwaye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ungakanani ongakwaziyo.Uyintoni umphumo?Kuwo onke amazwe angama-50, kuyabiza ukuba abantu baseMelika basebenzise i-elektroniki yonke imihla, kwaye kwezinye iingingqi, njengePacific Northwest, apho amaxabiso ombane aphantsi kwaye amaxabiso egesi aphezulu, abiza kakhulu.Kwilizwe laseWashington, apho igaloni yegesi ixabisa malunga ne-$ 4.98, ukugcwalisa i-F-150 kunye noluhlu lweekhilomitha ezingama-483 zibiza malunga ne-$ 115.Ngokuthelekisa, ukutshaja i-F-150 Lightning yombane (okanye i-Rivian R1T) kumgama ofanayo kubiza malunga ne-34 yeedola, ukonga kwe-80 yeedola.Oku kuthatha ukuba abaqhubi bahlawule ekhaya i-80% yexesha, njengoko kuqikelelwa liSebe lezaMandla, kunye nezinye iingcamango zendlela ekupheleni kweli nqaku.
Kuthekani ngezinye iindlela ezibaxiweyo?Emazantsi-mpuma, apho ixabiso legesi kunye nombane liphantsi, ugcino luncinci kodwa lubalulekile.E-Mississippi, umzekelo, iindleko zerhasi zelori yokulanda rhoqo zimalunga nama-30 eedola ngaphezulu kunelori yombane.Kwii-SUV ezincinci, ezisebenzayo kunye ne-sedans, izithuthi zombane zingagcina i-$ 20 ukuya kwi-25 yeedola kwimpompo ye-mileage efanayo.
Umndilili waseMelika uqhuba iikhilomitha ezingama-14,000 ngonyaka kwaye unokonga malunga ne-700 yeedola ngonyaka ngokuthenga i-SUV yombane okanye i-sedan, okanye i-1,000 yeedola ngonyaka ngokuthenga ilori, ngokutsho kwe-Energy Innovation.Kodwa ukuqhuba yonke imihla yinto enye.Ukuvavanya le modeli, ndiqhube olu vavanyo ngexesha lohambo olubini lwasehlotyeni ukunqumla eUnited States.
Zimbini iindidi eziphambili zeetshaja onokuzifumana endleleni.Itshaja yeNqanaba lesi-2 inokunyusa uluhlu nge-30 mph.Amaxabiso kumashishini amaninzi, afana neehotele kunye neevenkile zegrosari ezinethemba lokutsala abathengi, ukusuka malunga neesenti ezingama-20 ngekilowatt-yure ukuya simahla (I-Energy Innovation icebisa ngaphezulu nje kweesenti ezili-10 ngekilowatt-yure nganye kuqikelelo olungezantsi).
Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezaziwa njengeNqanaba lesi-3, eziphantse zibe ngama-20 ngokukhawuleza, zinokutshaja ibhetri ye-EV ukuya kwi-80% kwimizuzu nje engama-20.Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubiza phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-48 yeesenti nge-kilowatt-yure-ixabiso endalifumanisa kamva lilingana nexabiso lepetroli kwezinye iindawo.
Ukuvavanya ukuba oku kusebenze kakuhle kangakanani, ndiye ndahamba uhambo olucingelwayo lweemayile ezingama-408 ukusuka eSan Francisco ukuya eDisneyland eSouth Los Angeles.Kulo hambo, ndakhetha i-F-150 kunye nombane wayo, uMbane, oyinxalenye yochungechunge oludumileyo oluthengisa iiyunithi ze-653,957 kunyaka odlulileyo.Kukho iingxoxo ezinamandla zemozulu ezichasene nokudala iinguqulelo zombane zeemoto zaseMelika ezibetha igesi, kodwa olu qikelelo lwenzelwe ukubonisa izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu baseMelika.
Ophumeleleyo, intshatsheli?Kukho phantse akukho zimoto zombane.Kuba ukusebenzisa itshaja ekhawulezayo kuyabiza, ngokwesiqhelo kathathu ukuya kane kubiza ngaphezulu kokubiza ekhaya, ugcino luncinci.Ndafika epakini kuMbane ndine-14 yeedola ngaphezulu kwepokotho yam kunemoto yegesi.Ukuba bendigqibe kwelokuba ndihlale ixesha elide ehotele okanye kwindawo yokutyela ndisebenzisa itshaja yeNqanaba 2, ngendigcine i-$57.Lo mkhwa ubambelele kwiimoto ezincinci ngokunjalo: i-crossover ye-Tesla Model Y igcine i-$ 18 kunye ne-$ 44 ngohambo lweekhilomitha ezingama-408 usebenzisa iNqanaba 3 kunye neNqanaba le-2 ishaja, ngokulandelanayo, xa kuthelekiswa nokuzaliswa kwegesi.
Xa kuziwa ekukhutshweni, izithuthi zombane zikude phambili.Izithuthi zombane zikhupha ngaphantsi kwesithathu sezinto ezikhutshwayo ngekhilomitha nganye yezithuthi zepetroli kwaye ziya zicoceka rhoqo ngonyaka.Umxube wokuvelisa umbane wase-US ukhupha phantse iponti enye yekhabhoni kwi-kilowatt nganye yeyure yombane eveliswayo, ngokutsho kwe-US Energy Information Administration.Ngo-2035, i-White House ifuna ukusondeza eli nani kwi-zero.Oku kuthetha ukuba i-F-150 eqhelekileyo ikhupha iigesi ze-greenhouse ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunombane.I-Tesla Model Y ikhupha i-63 pounds ye-greenhouse gases ngelixa uqhuba, xa kuthelekiswa neepounds ezingaphezu kwe-300 kuzo zonke iimoto eziqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwangempela lwaluluhambo olusuka eDetroit ukuya eMiami.Ukuqhuba ngeMidwest ukusuka kwisiXeko seMoto ayilophupha lemoto yombane.Lo mmandla unelona zinga liphantsi lobunini bemoto yombane eMelika.Akukho tshaja zininzi.Amaxabiso epetroli aphantsi.Umbane umdaka ngakumbi.Ukwenza izinto zingalungelelani ngakumbi, ndagqiba ekubeni ndithelekise iToyota Camry kunye neChevrolet Bolt yombane, zombini iimoto ezisebenza kakuhle ezivala umsantsa kwiindleko zamafutha.Ukubonakalisa ubume bexabiso lelizwe ngalinye, ndilinganise i-1,401 yeemayile zomgama kuwo onke amazwe amathandathu, kunye neendleko zabo zombane kunye neendleko zokukhupha.
Ukuba ndizalise ekhaya okanye kwisikhululo segesi esishibhile seClass 2 endleleni (akunakwenzeka), i-Bolt EV yayiza kuba nexabiso eliphantsi ukuzalisa: $ 41 ngokuchasene ne-$ 142 yeCamry.Kodwa iingcebiso zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza izikali ezithandwa yiCamry.Ukusebenzisa iNqanaba lesi-3 itshaja, intlawulo yombane wokuthengisa kuhambo oluqhutywa ngebhetri yi-$169, eyi-$27 ngaphezulu kunohambo oluqhutywa ngegesi.Nangona kunjalo, xa kufikwa kwi-greenhouse gas emissions, i-Bolt icacile phambili, kunye ne-remissions engathanga ngqo ibalwa kuphela i-20 ekhulwini yeklasi.
Ndiyazibuza ukuba kutheni abo bachasa uqoqosho lwezithuthi zombane beza kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo?Ukwenza oku, ndaqhagamshelana noPatrick Anderson, inkampani yakhe yokubonisana yaseMichigan esebenza ngonyaka kunye neshishini lemoto ukuqikelela iindleko zezithuthi zombane.Kusoloko kufunyaniswa ukuba uninzi lwezithuthi zombane zibiza imali eninzi ukugalela amafutha.
UAnderson wandixelela ukuba abaninzi bezoqoqosho bazityeshela iindleko ezimele zibandakanywe ekubaleni iindleko zokuhlawula: irhafu karhulumente kwiimoto zombane ezithatha indawo yerhafu yerhasi, ixabiso letshaja yendlu, ilahleko yothumelo xa ihlawuliswa (malunga ne-10 ekhulwini), kunye ngamanye amaxesha ukonyuka kweendleko .izikhululo zerhasi zikawonke-wonke zikude.Ngokutsho kwakhe, iindleko zincinci, kodwa ziyinyani.Bebonke baba negalelo kuphuhliso lweemoto zepetroli.
Uqikelela ukuba kubiza kancinci ukuzalisa imoto yepetroli ephakathi-malunga ne-11 yeedola ngeekhilomitha ezili-100, xa kuthelekiswa ne-13 yeedola ukuya kwi-16 yeedola zesithuthi sombane esithelekisayo.Ngaphandle kweemoto zodidi, njengoko zivame ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwaye zitshisa amafutha e-premium."Iimoto zombane zenza ingqiqo kakhulu kubathengi abaphakathi," kusho uAnderson."Kulapho sibona khona intengiso ephezulu, kwaye ayimangalisi."
Kodwa abagxeki bathi uqikelelo luka-Anderson luqikelelwa okanye luyayityeshela iingcamango eziphambili: Uhlalutyo lwenkampani yakhe lugqithise ukusebenza kwebhetri, ebonisa ukuba abanikazi bezithuthi zombane basebenzise izikhululo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke ezibizayo malunga ne-40% yexesha (iSebe lezaMandla liqikelela ilahleko malunga ne-20%).izikhululo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke simahla “njengerhafu yepropathi, imfundo, amaxabiso abathengi, okanye imithwalo kubatyali-zimali” nokungahoyi inkuthazo karhulumente neshishini.
U-Anderson waphendula ukuba akazange athathe i-40% yemali karhulumente, kodwa ulandelele iimeko ezimbini zokurhafisa, ecinga "ngokuyintloko yasekhaya" kunye "nentengiso ephambili" (ebandakanya umrhumo wezorhwebo kwi-75% yamatyala).Kwakhona wakhusela amaxabiso “esimahla” yeetshaja zorhwebo ezinikezelwa koomasipala, iiyunivesithi kunye namashishini kuba “ezi nkonzo azikho simahla, kodwa kufuneka zihlawulwe ngumsebenzisi ngandlela thile, nokuba zibandakanyiwe kwiirhafu zepropathi , imfundo. imali okanye hayi.amaxabiso abathengi” okanye umthwalo kubatyali-mali.“
Ekugqibeleni, asinakuze sivumelane ngeendleko zokufaka amafutha kwisithuthi sombane.Mhlawumbi akunamsebenzi.Kubaqhubi bemihla ngemihla e-United States, ukubasa isithuthi sombane sele kubiza kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba kungabizi kakhulu njengoko umthamo wamandla ahlaziyekayo usanda kwaye nezithuthi zisebenza kakuhle.,Kwangoko kulo nyaka, amaxabiso oluhlu lwezinye izithuthi zombane kulindeleke ukuba abe ngaphantsi kunezithuthi zepetroli ezifaniswayo, kwaye uqikelelo lweendleko zizonke zobunini (ugcino, amafutha kunye nezinye iindleko kubomi besithuthi) zibonisa ukuba izithuthi zombane sele zikho. zitshiphu.
Emva koko, ndaziva ngathi kukho elinye inani elilahlekileyo: iindleko zentlalo yekhabhoni.Olu luqikelelo olurhabaxa lomonakalo owenziwe ngokongeza enye itoni yekhabhoni emoyeni, kuquka ukufa kobushushu, izikhukula, imililo yasendle, ukusilela kwezityalo kunye nezinye iilahleko ezinxulumene nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba igaloni nganye yegesi yendalo ikhupha malunga neekhilogram ezingama-20 zekharbon diokside emoyeni, elilingana neesenti ezingama-50 zomonakalo wemozulu ngelitha nganye.Ukuthathela ingqalelo izinto zangaphandle ezifana nokuxinana kwezithuthi, iingozi kunye nongcoliseko lomoya, iZibonelelo zekamva eliqikelelwayo ngo-2007 ukuba iindleko zomonakalo zaziphantse zibe yi-3 yeedola ngegaloni nganye.
Ewe, akunyanzelekanga ukuba uhlawule le mali.Izithuthi zombane zodwa aziyi kuyicombulula le ngxaki.Ukufezekisa oku, sifuna izixeko ezininzi kunye noluntu apho unokundwendwela abahlobo okanye uthenge igrosari ngaphandle kwemoto.Kodwa iimoto zombane zibalulekile ukugcina amaqondo obushushu angenyukeli ngaphantsi kwe-2 degrees Celsius.Enye indlela lixabiso ongenakulihoya.
Iindleko zokutshisa izithuthi zombane kunye nepetroli zibalwe kwiindidi ezintathu zezithuthi: iimoto, iiSUV kunye neelori.Zonke iintlobo zezithuthi zisisiseko semodeli ye-2023.Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-Federal Highway Administration ka-2019, umndilili weemayile eziqhutywa ngabaqhubi ngonyaka uqikelelwa ukuba ziikhilomitha ezingama-14,263.Kuzo zonke izithuthi, uluhlu, iimayile, kunye nedatha ekhutshwayo ithathwa kwiwebhusayithi ye-Fueleconomy.gov ye-Arhente yoKhuselo lokuSingqongileyo.Amaxabiso egesi yendalo asekelwe kwidatha kaJulayi 2023 evela kwi-AAA.Kwizithuthi zombane, umyinge wenani le-kilowatt-iiyure ezifunekayo kwintlawulo epheleleyo ibalwa ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bebhetri.Iindawo zetshaja zisekelwe kuphando lweSebe lezaMandla olubonisa ukuba i-80% yokutshaja iyenzeka ekhaya.Ukuqala ngo-2022, amaxabiso ombane wokuhlala anikezelwa yi-US Energy Information Administration.I-20% eseleyo yokutshaja yenzeka kwizikhululo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke, kwaye ixabiso lombane lisekelwe kwixabiso lombane elipapashwe yi-Electrify America kwilizwe ngalinye.
Olu qikelelo alubandakanyi naziphi na iingqikelelo malunga nexabiso lilonke lobunini, iikhredithi zerhafu ze-EV, iifizi zokubhalisa, okanye iindleko zokusebenza nokugcina.Kananjalo asilindelanga naziphi na iintlawulo ezinxulumene ne-EV, izaphulelo zokubiza i-EV okanye ukutshaja simahla, okanye amaxabiso asekelwe kwixesha ee-EVs.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-04-2024